Appendix

Data

US Census Bureau: American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS)

  • 1-year estimates: 2015-2023
  • Downloaded the PUMS data via the R package “tidycensus
  • Public Use Microdata Area-level data
  • Variables: HINCP (household income for past 12 months, inflation-adjusted), PUMA (Public Use Microdata Area), ST (state), ADJHSG (inflation adjustment factor for housing costs), ADJINC (inflation adjustment factor for household income), WGTP (housing unit weight for statistical analysis), VACS (vacancy status of the housing unit), PWGTP (person weight for adjustment), SPORDER (person’s order number within the household)

Zillow Research: Rentals

  • We use Zillow Observed Rent Index: All Homes Plus Multifamily Time Series ($): 2015-2024
  • Downloaded the Rentals data from Zillow Research’s “website
  • We inflation adjusted rent values using 2023 consumer price index (CPI) values
  • County-level data

US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS): Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW)

  • We use Monthly Employment and Industry variables for years 2015-2024
  • Downloaded the quarterly data from BLS’s “website
  • We inflation adjusted rent values using 2023 consumer price index (CPI) values
  • County-level data

CoStar

  • We use CoStar’s data: 2015-2021. We omitted years 2022-2024 due to missing data.
  • Data from…
  • Variable: Gross asking rent
  • County-level data

Washington Business Journal

  • Years 2015-2024
  • Retrieved from Washington Business Journal’s “website
  • Searched: “Office to Residential Conversion”

UrbanTurf

  • Years 2015-2024
  • Retrieved from UrbanTurf’s “website
  • Searched site:dc.urbanturf.com “office to residential conversion”

Figures

Housing Unit Vacancy

Source: ...