Appendix

Appendix 1: Homicide counts, 2021-2023

  • Baltimore, MD
    • Obtained values from The Baltimore Sun “Baltimore Homicides” dashboard for 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023.
  • Chicago, IL
    • Obtained values from Chicago Police Department’s 2023 Year End Crime Statistics report, 2021-2023.
  • Los Angeles, CA
    • Obtained values from the Los Angeles Police Department Annual Homicide Reports for 2022 and 2023, 2021-2023.
    • 2021 values were obtained from the 2022 Annual Homicide Report.
  • Miami, FL
    • Obtained values from the Miami Police Department Annual Reports for 2022 and 2023, 2021-2023.
    • 2021 values were obtained from the 2022 Annual Report.
  • New York, NY
  • The District
    • Obtained values from the 20-Year Homicide Trend table on the MPD District Crime Data at a Glance website, 2021-2023.

Appendix 2: Criminal-Justice Data Availability

  • Race of victim
    • NIBRS
      • Incident level data that records the race of the victim involved in the incident
  • Race of perpetrator
    • NIBRS
      • Incident level data that records the race of the perpetrator involved in the incident
  • State prosecutions
    • Some states provide annual reports detailing sentencing statistics. However, we were not able to find any reports of this nature published by the District, Maryland, or Virginia.
    • Since not all states provide reports of this type, one would be unable to compile total state prosecution counts on a national level.
  • Federal prosecutions
  • Share of population with criminal record
    • SSCHIS
      • Provides the number of individual offenders in each state’s criminal history file.
      • Limited year availability, with the most recent release occurring in 2020.
  • Prison: prior residential location of inmates
    • CSFACF
      • Only provides counts for each facility surveyed. Thus, it contains no information regarding individual inmate characteristics, like where they resided prior to their incarceration.
    • SISFCF
      • Provides general information about where inmates lived prior to their incarceration. Each row represents an incarcerated individual who was interviewed. There are variables regarding their state of residence at their arrest and the distance from the prison they are held into their place of residence. However, the survey does not report where the interviewed individual is currently being held for privacy reasons. Additionally, this is a survey and not a census.
  • Jail: prior residential location of inmates
    • ASJ
      • This survey focuses on obtaining counts from jails, so it does not provide information at the individual level. Therefore, the data does not contain any information indicating the prior residential location of inmates.
  • Recidivism
  • Complete count of all authorized police agencies.
    • CSLLEA
      • Provides an extensive list of active law enforcement agencies at a county level. However, it does not include some agencies we know exist, such as federal agencies. For example, it does not include The George Washington Police Department or The Department of General Services Protective Services Division, both of which are active police forces in the District.
    • CFLEO
      • Provides an extensive list of active federal law enforcement agencies that are authorized to make arrests and/or carry firearms.
      • Does not include the location of these agencies.
      • Does not include U.S. Armed Forces agencies.
  • Fine revenues
    • The Government Finance Database
      • Provides sufficient fine revenue data from 1967 to 2021 on a county, state, and, therefore, national level.
      • Provides some township and municipality data, which does not encompass all zip codes.

Appendix 3: Incident-Level Data Availability